This page summarises publicly available NHS information for educational purposes only. It is not medical advice or a diagnosis. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional.
What is hernia?
A hernia happens when an internal part of the body (usually fat or bowel) pushes through a weakness in muscle or tissue. The most common types are inguinal (groin), umbilical (belly button), and hiatus (stomach pushing into the chest). Most hernias cause a visible bulge that may come and go. Surgery is often needed, especially if the hernia becomes painful or trapped.
When NHS resources suggest seeing a GP
- You notice a lump or bulge in the groin, belly button, or abdomen that appears when you strain.
- The lump is painful, tender, or won't push back in.
- You feel discomfort, dragging, or heaviness in the affected area.
- Call 999 or go to A&E if the lump becomes hard, painful, red, or you have vomiting and belly pain — this can be a strangulated hernia.
- You have heartburn, reflux, or chest pain that might be from a hiatus hernia.
Self-care information from NHS
- Avoid heavy lifting or straining while awaiting assessment.
- Eat plenty of fibre and drink fluids to prevent constipation (straining worsens hernias).
- Lose weight if overweight — reduces pressure on the abdominal wall.
- Wear supportive underwear or a truss only if recommended by a GP or surgeon.
- Stop smoking — coughing strains abdominal muscles and delays healing.
Common questions
Do all hernias need surgery?
Not always. Small, painless hernias in adults may be monitored ('watchful waiting'). Surgery is usually recommended if the hernia is painful, growing, or at risk of becoming trapped (strangulated) — a medical emergency.
What does a strangulated hernia feel like?
A strangulated hernia is suddenly painful, firm, and can't be pushed back in. You may feel sick, vomit, or have abdominal pain. This is a surgical emergency — call 999 or go straight to A&E as the trapped tissue can die within hours.
How long does hernia surgery recovery take?
Most people return to light activity within 1 to 2 weeks after keyhole hernia surgery, and full activity within 4 to 6 weeks. Open surgery takes a bit longer. Follow your surgeon's advice on lifting and exercise.
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This page is for informational and educational purposes only. It does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional about your individual situation. NorMed organises publicly available NHS information and is not affiliated with the NHS.